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Forensic Jurisprudence by Dr. Ramesh Parajuli
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Book Overview
Contents
Preface V
Acknowledgement IX
List of Cases XII
Abbreviations XIX
Publisher's Note XXIII
Part 1: Forensic Science
Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Science
1. Concept of Forensic Science 1
2. Definition of Forensic Science 5
3. Forensic Science, Forensic Medicine and
Medical Jurisprudence: Differences & Similarities 7
4. Scope of Forensic Science 9
5. Importance of Forensic Science 10
6. General Principles of Forensic Science 13
7. Development of Forensic Jurisprudence in Nepal 15
8. Role of Judiciary in the Development of
Forensic Science 32
9. Fields of Forensic Science 37
10. Legal Provisions Related to Forensic Science 42
Chapter 2: Physical Evidence
1. Concept of Physical Evidence 49
2. Importance of Physical Evidence 51
3. Forms of Physical Evidence 55
4. Scene of Crime 57
5. Steps During Examination of Scene of Crime 57
6. Chain of Custody 65
Chapter 3: Trace Evidences
1. Meaning of Trace Evidence 68
2. Hair: Importance, Types and Examination 69
3. Fiber: Nature, Types and Evidence 73
4. Paints: Nature, Types and Evidence 77
5. Glass: Nature, Types, Importance 81
6. Soil 85
Chapter 4: Fingerprints
1. Introduction to Fingerprints 88
2. Classification of Fingerprints 90
3. Importance of Fingerprints 93
4. Lifting of Fingerprints 94
5. Examination and Comparison of Fingerprints 96
6. Reliability of Fingerprint 97
7. Technique of fingerprinting 98
8. Fingerprints on Decomposed Bodies 99
9. Judicial Views on Fingerprint 100
Chapter 5: Biological Evidences
1. Meaning of Biological Evidences 102
2. Importance of Biological Evidences 103
3. Classification of Biological Evidences 105
A. Blood 105
• Scientific examination of Blood Evidence 109
• Medico-legal importance of Blood 111
B. Semen 114
C. Saliva 116
Chapter 6: DNA Profiling
1. Meaning and Structure of DNA 118
2. Importance of DNA in Administration of Justice 121
3. Collection of DNA evidence in Criminal Cases 126
4. Establishment of Causation of Crime through
DNA Examination 128
5. DNA Profiling Technology 131
6. Application of DNA in Paternity Disputes 134
7. DNA Report and Paternity Dispute in Nepal 135
8. DNA in Identification of Missing Person 140
9. DNA in Mass Disaster 141
10. DNA Data Bank 143
11. Judicial Views on DNA Evidence in Nepal 147
Chapter 7: Ballistics &Explosives
1. Firearms, Ballistics and Explosives: Concept 152
2. Legal Provisions 156
3. Investigation of Offence Involving Ballistics 158
4. Examination of Evidence Related to
Forensic Ballistics 159
5. Examination of Cartridge Case 165
6. Examination of Bullets 166
7. Explosives 168
8. Examination of Explosives 171
Chapter 8: Questioned Documents
1. Introduction of Questioned Documents 174
2. Nature and Importance of Document
Examination 176
3. Document Examination Techniques 178
• Hand written 178
• Type written 183
• Machine-printed documents 183
4. Types of Document Forgery 184
5. Imprint and Security Documents 186
• Currency Note 186
• Passport 187
Chapter 9: Drugs
1. Meaning and Nature 191
2. Classification of Drugs 192
3. Laws Regulating Drugs Offences 195
4. Modes of Drugs Administration 196
5. Drug Examination 199
6. Medico-legal Importance of Drug Examination 201
Chapter 10: Cyber Forensics
1. Meaning 207
2. Defining Cybercrime 210
3. Scope 212
4. Current Trends 213
5. Types of Cybercrime 216
6. Modus operandi of cybercrime in Nepal 218
7. Investigation of Cybercrime 220
8. Audio-visual Examination 222
9. Limitations of Examination 227
Forensic Jurisprudence XXXI
10. Existing Laws 227
11. Initiatives to Combat Cyber Crimes 243
Chapter 11: Expert Opinion
1. Nature and Definition of Expert 248
2. Laws regulating Expert Opinion 249
3. Admissibility and Inadmissibility of
Expert Opinion 253
4. Expert Examination 258
5. Contradiction of Two Expert Opinions 260
Part 2: Forensic Medicine
Chapter 12: Introduction of Forensic Medicine
1. Concept of Forensic Medicine 267
2. Definition of Forensic Medicine 269
3. Significance of Forensic Medicine 271
4. Scope or Fields of Forensic Medicine 272
5. Personal Identification 275
6. Legal Provision Relating to Forensic Medicine
in Nepal 293
Chapter 13: Autopsy
1. Meaning of Autopsy 299
2. Purpose of Autopsy 300
3. Qualities of Autopsy Expert 304
4. What should be cared in autopsy? 305
5. Types of Autopsy 306
6. Death and Autopsy 307
7. Death Investigation 311
8. Declaration & Certification of Death 316
XXXII Dr. Ramesh Parajuli
9. Types of Death for Medico-Legal Autopsy 321
10. Legal Provisions & Procedure for Autopsy
Examination in Nepal 323
11. External & Internal Examination of Dead Body 327
12. Medico-legal Importance of External and
Internal Examination 331
13. Estimation of Time of Death 333
14. Determination of Cause and Manner of Death 343
15. Examination of Mutilated Body 343
Chapter 14: Asphyxia
1. General Concept of Asphyxia 347
2. Symptoms of Asphyxia 348
3. Causes of Asphyxia 348
A. Suffocation 349
B. Smothering 354
C. Choking 357
D. Traumatic Asphyxia 360
E. Hanging 360
F. Strangulation 370
G. Drowning 381
Chapter 15: Wounds And Injuries
1. Concept 395
2. Types 396
3. Types of Injuries Recognized by Nepalese Law 456
4. Medico-legal Examination of Wounds
and Injuries 459
5. Medico Legal Importance of Injuries 459
6. Injury Identification, Documentation
& Reporting 460
Forensic Jurisprudence XXXIII
7. Homicide, Suicidal & Self-Inflected
Wounds: Differences 461
Chapter 16: Special Medico legal Examination
1. Examining Cases of Domestic Violence 466
2. Examination in Rape Offence 472
3. Intoxication/Drunkenness/Drunken Driving 482
4. Examination of Mental State and Insanity 485
5. Examination of Bones 489
6. Infanticide 492
7. Examination of Traffic Injury 495
8. Gender Based Violence 499
Chapter 17: Toxicology
1. Definition, Nature and Principles of Poison 503
2. Classification of Poison 506
3. Types of Effects Produced by Poisons 509
4. Routes of Poison Administration 512
5. Chemical Analysis & Modern Analysis
Techniques 513
6. External & Internal Examination of
Body in Poisoning 516
7. Collection of Viscera & Other Samples
from Human Body 519
8. Medico Legal Importance of Poisoning 520
Chapter 18: Forensic Medicine & Human Right Issues
1. Medical Examination of Detainees for
Torture Identification 522
2. Investigation of Custodial Deaths 527
3. Forensic Medicine in Extra-Judicial
Killings and Disappearances 535
XXXIV Dr. Ramesh Parajuli
4. Exhumation & Identification of Dead Bodies 540
5. Forensic Medicine in Mass Disaster 544
Chapter 19: Medical Negligence
1. Concept, Elements & Rationale of
Medical Negligence 546
2. Medical Negligence versus Medical Malpractice 551
3. Tests to Determine Medical Negligence 558
4. Legal Remedies on Medical Negligence
in Nepal 582
5. Security of Health Professionals
and Health Institutions 586
6. Criminal Negligence versus Civil Negligence 595
7. Judicial Views on Medical Negligence 598
